Tribological evaluation of Al2O3/GO/ZnO tripartite hybrid based nanofluid for grinding Ti-6Al-4V alloy with minimum quantity lubrication

In the field of aerospace manufacturing, Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) alloy is widely used in key components due to its lightweight, high strength, and corrosion resistance. However, its low thermal conductivity and elastic modulus make it a difficult-to-machine material. During grinding, traditional lubrication methods face significant challenges: mineral-based cutting fluids cause environmental pollution and health hazards, while pure vegetable oil in minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) systems has insufficient lubrication and heat dissipation capabilities, leading to high grinding forces, severe tool wear, and poor workpiece surface quality. Although single-component or dual-component nanofluids improve performance to some extent, they cannot fully address the comprehensive tribological and thermal needs of TC4 grinding, as their single or dual nanoparticle compositions limit synergistic enhancements in lubricity, thermal conductivity, and stability.